Some of the pages are missing, possibly because of a theft in the 11th century, but it is remarkably complete for a text that is so old. The Book of Kells is a large illuminated manuscript — a ...

Some of these illuminated manuscripts were embellished with luxurious ... such a valuable pigment so early and in the mouth of an 11th century woman in rural Germany is unprecedented.

Decoding Medieval Manuscripts, aims to debunk the notion that they were always thus. “Just as we understand emojis or the ...

were radiocarbon-dated to the 10th and 11th centuries. Other ruled out theories include pigment transfer from the kissing of illuminated manuscripts, but the practice was not common until some ...