Vertical integration means integrating vertically ... He could reduce his costs and produce less expensive steel if he owned the rails and mines. The Carnegie Steel Company superintendent, Henry Clay ...

Using the Bessemer process at his Homestead Steel Works plant ... he opted for vertical integration to reduce costs and maximize profits; all these things followed him. Carnegie ultimately sold his ...

U.S. Steel became a pioneer in the practice of vertical integration, a process by which a company attempts to gain ... from its earliest days under Andrew Carnegie sought control of all of its ...