Although the Holy Roman Empire had no capital and its emperors ... The Italian peninsula had been engulfed by war since King Charles VIII of France invaded Naples in 1496. Amid a conflict ...

In 1547, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V penned a letter to his ambassador ... a needle to represent the English King Henry VIII. Vowels that came after consonants were replaced by diacritical ...

Holy Roman Emperor Charles V used an ingenious code to keep ... Following the death of British monarch Henry VIII, a key ally, Charles wanted the ambassador to report back on the military ...

Charlemagne, born Carolus Magnus, crowned Charles the Great ... confederation that would last for a thousand years—the Holy Roman Empire. Many historians credit Charlemagne with spreading ...

Charlemagne, or Charles the Great ... During his life, he laid the foundations for the Holy Roman Empire, which would last nearly a millennium. He also established a new kind of royal leadership ...