Immunological analyses revealed that participants receiving GA2 had a significantly higher frequency of P. falciparum-specific polyfunctional CD4 + T cells than those receiving GA1.

The GA2 parasite, which is missing one gene, died after 7 days, just before leaving the liver. The GA1 parasite, which is missing two genes, died within 24 to 48 hours of entering the liver.

Culturing of GA2, GA1, and unattenuated Pf3D7 parasites, the rearing of Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes, and the exposure of participants to mosquito bites were performed at Radboud University ...

After immunization, the researchers compared the efficacy of GA2 to GA1 and placebo using controlled human malaria infection. Participants in the placebo group were bitten by uninfected mosquitoes.

Genetically attenuated malaria parasites with extended liver-stage arrest (GA2) showed 89% protection in a clinical trial, surpassing earlier vaccine candidates and highlighting the potential of ...

These GA1 and GA2 ICEs are rapidly transferring between Bacteroidales species in the human gut throughout the world.