Criterion (iv): The chain of fortresses represents an outstanding example of monumental military architecture in Scandinavia and an exceptional integrated system within the wider context of the ...

But the Viking Age (750–1050 CE) brought a twist. The team discovered that by the 8th century, a wave of central European ancestry had swept into Scandinavia. This influx reshaped the genetic ...

Together, they make up an archaeological complex which illustrates the elaborate trading networks of Viking-Age Europe and their influence on the subsequent history of Scandinavia. Birka was also ...