It is shown here that for the cell model of the ion–exchange membrane, the Onsager principle of reciprocity is violated—the ...

Students will be able to develop and explain a particle-level model to describe their observations of ... between the molecules of the liquid (solvent) and the particles of the solid (solute).

the particles spread out and mix with the water particles. As well as diffusion occurring between different regions, it also occurs across membranes, between the outside and inside of cells.