Ghost pipe is a parasite to mycorrhizal fungi in forest soils — meaning that it draws nutrients from those fungi, while those fungi in turn are connected to trees in the forest in a symbiotic ...

In parasitism, an individual organism ... Herbivory and plant defenses in tropical forests. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 27, 305-335 (1996). Dawkins, R. & Krebs, J.

Both species are brood parasites - they lay their eggs in the nests of other birds. Brown-headed cowbirds are native to grasslands of the Midwest, but clearing of forests has resulted in their ...

However, researchers at the University of Tsukuba have discovered that parasitism can still be successful in these cases—if another species of wasp lays eggs in the same host simultaneously.