you've probably heard of "Pavlov's dogs" or "Pavlov's bell." The phrases often describe situations where someone responds to a stimulus like they've been trained to do so. That's exactly where ...

In simple terms: Pavlov would ring a bell prior to feeding his dogs (his test subjects); the dogs were quickly conditioned and came to associate the ringing of the bell with the presentation of food.

Pavlov also offered physicians a new therapeutic product: natural gastric juice produced by his “factory dogs.” By World War I, proceeds from selling bottled gastric juice had increased the ...