This energy is released as a photon. The energy of the photon can be worked out using the equation If an electron moves from level \(E_{2}\) to \(E_{1}\) the energy of the photon can be worked out ...

However, as the energy of the X-rays increases, the interaction with the crystals becomes smaller, making the measurements challenging. In this high-photon energy regime, a large proportion of the ...

One recent experiment backs up Minkowski's answer — but still may not prove Abraham wrong. One might expect that the momentum of a photon, under almost any conditions, would no longer be a ...