It was Robert Guiscard, lord of the Duchy of Apulia and Calabria, a Norman state founded as a county in 1042 but elevated in rank by Pope Nicholas II seventeen years later.Robert, the sixth son of ...

The Battle of Dyrrhachium in 1081 marked a major confrontation between the Byzantine Empire and Norman invaders under Robert Guiscard and his son Bohemond. With a force of 15,000, the Normans ...

Robert Guiscard was left in charge of the operations, but he died in Cephalonia in the summer of 1085, raising the issue of his succession: since he now had children with his other wife—no less than ...