Mr. Buruma is the author of “Spinoza: Freedom’s Messiah.” The Enlightenment philosopher Baruch Spinoza almost died for his ideals one day in 1672. Spinoza, a Sephardic Jew born in Amsterdam ...

The beginning of Baruch Spinoza’s heresy may have begun with his uncircumcised grandfather. As a child in the 17th century, Spinoza visited the Beth Haim cemetery on the outskirts of Amsterdam ...

Little known is the life of Michael Spinoza, Baruch Spinoza’s father, but he was a loyal son of Israel and follower of the Amsterdam rabbinate. By ELI KAVON FEBRUARY 23, 2022 20:56 ...

Ad Policy A portrait of Benedict (Baruch) Spinoza, 1754. (Photo by Bridgeman via Getty Images) Born in Amsterdam in 1632, Baruch Spinoza was the most original thinker of the European Enlightenment.