This paper presents a bi-level planning approach to find an optimal layout for a large-scale wind farm (WF) from economic and reliability perspectives. The upper level of the planning approach is ...

Lead author Philip Womble emphasized the benefits: “Spending a little bit more money, especially in headwaters, could have outsized ecological impact.” This model offers a path forward by aligning ...

The farm uses groundwater, not Colorado River water. It's a nonrenewable resource, and like mining, different people and industries have different philosophies about whether it should be extracted.