Formative assessment isn’t a final judgment, it’s part of the learning itself. It happens during teaching, not after. As Bell ...

In many of the above instances learning outcomes may not change, but assessment results will instead directly influence further instruction. For example, during a lecture a quick formative assessment ...

It is done to improve learning outcomes (Black & Wiliam, 2009). It is the use of the assessment that makes it formative. If evidence of student achievement is not used to adapt instruction or to give ...