Vertical integration means integrating vertically ... He could reduce his costs and produce less expensive steel if he owned the rails and mines. The Carnegie Steel Company superintendent, Henry Clay ...

Using the Bessemer process at his Homestead Steel Works plant ... he opted for vertical integration to reduce costs and maximize profits; all these things followed him. Carnegie ultimately sold his ...

Investopedia contributors come from a range of backgrounds, and over 25 years there have been thousands of expert writers and editors who have contributed. Katrina Ávila Munichiello is an ...