Potassium chlorate (KClO₃) – even more reactive than perchlorate – ensures a hot, vigorous burn. Lactose acts as the fuel, burning quickly and cleanly into water vapour and carbon dioxide.

In 2013, former Vatican spokesperson Federico Lombardi revealed that the cardinals added cartridges containing potassium perchlorate ... potassium chlorate, lactose and chloroform resin would ...

Black smoke is produced by burning ballots with chemicals like potassium perchlorate, anthracene, and sulfur. White smoke is created by burning ballots with a mixture of potassium chlorate ...

Black smoke is produced by burning ballots with chemicals like potassium perchlorate, anthracene, and sulfur. White smoke is created by burning ballots with a mixture of potassium chlorate ...

Potassium chlorate (KClO₃) – even more reactive than perchlorate – ensures a hot, vigorous burn. Lactose acts as the fuel, burning quickly and cleanly into water vapour and carbon dioxide. The rapid ...

Potassium chlorate (KClO₃) — even more reactive than perchlorate — ensures a hot, vigorous burn. Lactose acts as the fuel, burning quickly and cleanly into water vapour and carbon dioxide.

Now, they use a mixture of potassium perchlorate, anthracene and sulfur ... they use potassium chlorate, lactose and a tree or bush resin called rosin — which is typically used on violin bows ...

Tradition holds that black smoke indicates the cardinals have not yet agreed on a new leader, while white smoke signals that ...

Rather than soot, the smoke contains microscopic droplets and fine solids that are transparent or white. The result is a mixture of steam and white or light gray smoke that contrasts sharply with the ...

For black smoke, the Vatican uses a mixture of potassium perchlorate, anthracene, and sulphur. The white smoke used to signal ...

Potassium chlorate includes one fewer atom of oxygen per molecule than the potassium perchlorate used in black smoke and is an even stronger oxidizer—so strong it’s dangerous to use with ...

In such devices, oxidizing agents like potassium chlorate or perchlorate supply oxygen for combustion, while carbon-rich compounds like anthracene or lactose produce the actual smoke. Anthracene ...