The remaining groups (Panorpodidae, Nannochoristidae, Choristidae, Eomeropidae, Meropeidae and Caurininae) which have a short rostrum are phytophagous or saprophagous (Palmer, 2010).

In some extant families – including the Panorpidae, Bittacidae and Choristidae – the males provide gifts to the females before or during mating in order to ensure completion of copulation (Tong and ...