Lightweight, powerful lithium-ion batteries are crucial for the transition to electric vehicles, and global demand for lithium is set to grow rapidly over the next 25 years.

However, the production and recycling of batteries have brought severe negative impacts on the environment, with issues such as resource waste and pollution becoming increasingly prominent. To address ...

Lead-acid batteries have long been widely used in automobiles, UPS systems, and other fields, with a relatively high recycling rate. However, due to the presence of hazardous substances in lead-acid ...