Formative assessment plays a central role in effective teaching. It is not something done at the end of instruction, but ...

Formative assessment isn’t a final judgment, it’s part of the learning itself. It happens during teaching, not after. As Bell ...

It is done to improve learning outcomes (Black & Wiliam, 2009). It is the use of the assessment that makes it formative. If evidence of student achievement is not used to adapt instruction or to give ...