Self-Cleaning (Bionic & Photocatalytic): Applied in construction and solar panel surfaces to reduce the need for manual cleaning. Photocatalytic coatings (often titanium dioxide-based) break down dirt ...

Metals & Metallic Salts (e.g., silver, copper, zinc): These are the most widely used agents due to their proven efficacy, longevity, and broad-spectrum antimicrobial action. They are particularly ...