The periodic table The periodic table is a chart of all the elements arranged in increasing atomic number ... alkali metal ions in compounds. The noble gases are very unreactive.

Atomic structure Atoms are made from protons ... Bonding and properties of materials Only the noble gases exist as individual atoms not bonded to other atoms. In all other substances atoms ...

In ISS, a beam of ions (often noble gas ions like He+ or Ne+ ... LEIS, using low-energy ions, offers extreme surface sensitivity for studying the outermost atomic layer, including adsorbates and thin ...