All four groups used violence to intimidate blacks and Republican voters. Their efforts succeeded, and with the end of Reconstruction in 1877, white supremacy became the reality of the South.

The Reconstruction era was one of the most consequential chapters of U.S. history. Between 1863 and 1877, the 13th, 14th and ...

But after the failure of Reconstruction in 1877, and the removal of black men from political offices, Southern states again enacted a series of laws intended to circumscribe the lives of African ...

After the Civil War, during the Reconstruction period (1865–1877), newly freed African Americans, along with some white ...