We propose a vanadate crystal-based composite gain medium consisting of Tm3+ and Ho3+ ion-doped sections, which facilitates the direct use of common 800 nm diode lasers for a miniature 2.1 μm laser ...

Water-soluble inorganic (WSI) ions are major components of ambient air PM2.5 (particulate matter of diameter ≤2.5 μm); however, their potential health effects are understudied. On C57BL/6 mice, we ...