Introduction: Pulmonary function decline is linked to an increased cardiovascular disease risk, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Hypothesis: We hypothesize that protein biomarkers are ...

Patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) are classified based on disease etiology and hemodynamic drivers. Classification informs treatment. The heart failure biomarker NT-proBNP (N-terminal ...

Recent studies have provided important information on the nature of PV electrophysiology and of the role of the PVs in initiation and maintenance of AF. Reentry is responsible for the majority of ...