Astigmatism has both a magnitude and a direction, or axis, unlike spherical refractive error, which lacks orientation. Because of the deleterious effect of astigmatism on vision, modern ...

A machine learning model incorporating treated astigmatism and nuanced inputs is advancing the precision and personalization ...

Cataract surgery is converging with refractive surgery. Correction of astigmatism during cataract surgery: on axis corneal incision, peripheral corneal relaxing incisions and toric IOL are options ...

Topography-guided laser vision correction offers several benefits for patients with irregular astigmatism. The procedure is not dependent on pupil size and can be measured reproducibly.