and it drives plate tectonics through slow-moving convection currents. Scientists have long known that different materials in the mantle affect the speed of seismic waves. Faster wave speeds ...

An unexpected find in tiny crystals hints that the Earth’s mantle may not quite behave as has been believed for nearly a ...

Temperature differences between Mars' northern and southern mantle played a key role in this asymmetry ... This characteristic keeps the core in a liquid state, promoting asymmetric convection ...

Instead, they shift over time due to natural factors like changes in Earth’s core, mantle convection, and ocean currents. But now, human-caused climate change has come up as a major reason for ...

This layer is the outer core, churning away under the similarly thick but solid mantle. Stirred by its own heat and the planet’s spin, it produces huge, helical convection and electric currents, which ...

“This collision was governed by plate tectonics and mantle convection and had profound impacts on ocean ... This circulation pattern remains fundamental to our current climate system. “The closure of ...