While modern soldiers may not adopt the testudo formation as the legions of old did, many Roman innovations did lead to ...

Before the era of the Romans in southern Italy, the Messapii people crossed the Adriatic Sea and called the Italian peninsula home. They built a culture that lasted for nearly 800 years, but it was no ...

University students and archaeologists located an ancient Roman military camp beyond the empire’s northern frontier in the Netherlands. Photo from Constructing the Limes A team of university ...

Students locate ancient Roman army camp beyond empire’s northern border. See it By Aspen Pflughoeft. May 28, 2025 7:45 AM.

THE "MEDIATIZED" -- OR THE "HIGH NOBILITY" OF EUROPE; Consisting of Something Like Fifty families Which Enjoyed-Petty Sovereignty Before the Holy Roman Empire's Overthrow, They Still Exercise ...

Was the Holy Roman Empire really a state? It did not, of course, have a regular army or a genuine navy. Its diplomatic services were scattered and its affairs often conducted by rival chancelleries.

Pius VI was one of the best Napoleonic Wars generals and was eventually captured by Napoleon's army, imprisoned ... conflicts such as with Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I, and headed the attempt ...

His trademark humility was genuine, and did much to strip away perceptions of an aloof “Holy Roman Empire”. He immediately discarded the showy red velvet slippers and ornate vestments ...

A few others came from inside the Holy Roman Empire but outside the bounds of modern-day Italy. German popes elected from the Empire included Gregory in 996 and Damasus II in 1048. England ...

For anyone trying to make sense of the situation on the continent, with Emperor Charles V, the Holy Roman Empire, and the pope, Kirsten Claiden-Yardley shed some light. “When Henry VIII declared ...