In parasitism, an individual organism ... Herbivory and plant defenses in tropical forests. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 27, 305-335 (1996). Dawkins, R. & Krebs, J.

Ghost pipe is a parasite to mycorrhizal fungi in forest soils — meaning that it draws nutrients from those fungi, while those fungi in turn are connected to trees in the forest in a symbiotic ...

Both species are brood parasites - they lay their eggs in the nests of other birds. Brown-headed cowbirds are native to grasslands of the Midwest, but clearing of forests has resulted in their ...